Exploring Gory Anime on Crunchyroll: A Deep Dive
Intro
Anime has a distinct knack for pushing boundaries, especially within the realm of horror and violence. Gory anime, a genre that doesn't hold back on graphic depictions, presents stories that jeer at the norms of conventional storytelling. With platforms like Crunchyroll showcasing an array of these series, it's high time we dig deeper into what makes this genre tick. By exploring character arcs, thematic elements, and the cultural ramifications, this guide aims to shed light on the darker side of anime.
Character Analysis
Overview of Character Development
Character development in gory anime isn't simply about surviving; it's a complex journey marked by internal and external conflicts. These characters often confront harrowing circumstances that prompt profound personal transformations. For instance, in Elfen Lied, Lucy, a Diclonii, grapples with her dual identity—her monstrous instincts clash with her human side. Her tragic narrative turns vicious, shaping a character that elicits both empathy and horror. Every twist in the plot often serves to deepen this exploration of identity, forcing the audience to reconsider their responses to such visceral portrayals.
Key Relationships and Dynamics
Relationships in gory anime can be as bloody as the series themselves. The dynamics between characters often reveal as much about human nature as they do about the darkness of their worlds. Take Attack on Titan, where alliances morph into betrayals, illustrating trust’s frailty in dire times. The intense bond between Eren and Mikasa is constantly tested by the gruesome reality around them. This duality—love intertwined with survival—creates tension, leaving audiences wary of how far characters will go to protect or destroy one another.
"Gory anime does not merely showcase bloodshed; it presents a vivid canvas of human emotions and moral ambiguities."
Thematic Exploration
Central Themes and Messages
At its core, gory anime often explores themes of existential dread, sanity, and the intrinsic nature of humanity. Violence becomes a lens through which creators examine how characters survive, adapt, or succumb to their environments. In Berserk, for example, themes of fate, revenge, and the struggle against one's own demons are vividly portrayed. The gore accentuates the dire stakes, emphasizing the fragility of life and one's moral compass amidst chaos.
Cultural Context and Influences
The cultural impact of gory anime can't be understated. It often mirrors societal anxieties and historical contexts, playing on cultural fears and taboos. In Japan, for instance, the depiction of violence can often reflect historical atrocities and societal issues, like the consequences of war. The popularity of series such as Tokyo Ghoul resonates not only with its thrilling narrative but also with the underlying themes of alienation and identity in a rapidly changing society.
Understanding these themes allows anime enthusiasts to appreciate the genre beyond mere shock value, recognizing the intricate tapestry of narratives that challenge perceptions and provoke thought.
Understanding Gory Anime
The term 'gory anime' invites fascination and repulsion in equal measure. It plunges viewers into visceral experiences, exploring the farthest reaches of the human condition through animated violence and horror. Understanding gory anime is pivotal, as it opens doors to narrative styles that intertwine psychological depth, morality, and thematic richness. This article provides a complex analysis of this niche but significant category in anime, highlighting its role in storytelling and cultural commentary.
In examining gory anime, we must consider its unique characteristics that set it apart from more conventional genres. This includes the intensity of the visuals and the often disturbing scenarios presented, which can elicit strong emotional responses from the audience. Such reactions can be enlightening, allowing for discussions about ethics, society, and personal values that arise through the lens of extreme situations.
Defining Gory Anime
In essence, gory anime can be defined by its graphic depictions of violence. This genre does not simply serve bloodshed for shock's sake; it delves into the psyche of its characters and the societal contexts in which they exist. The visual elements—like blood spatter, dismemberment, or psychological torment—are supplemented by complex narratives. Think of series like Higurashi: When They Cry, where alongside gruesome deaths, intricate plots unfold that invite viewers to piece together the narrative's psychological horror.
Furthermore, gory anime often uses this violence as a narrative device rather than mere spectacle. This duality—offering both horror and insight—further entrenches its significance in modern storytelling.
Historical Context and Evolution
The origins of gory anime can be traced back to the horror tales of old Japan, where folklore often emphasized acts of violence and supernatural consequences. With the advent of the anime boom in the late 20th century, there arose a shift in the visual storytelling paradigm. Series such as Akira demonstrated that anime could tackle mature subjects, making waves internationally. It marked a transition rather than a simple contribution to the genre.
As the years rolled on, the increase in graphic content mirrored trends in global media where violence often reflects societal anxieties. Whether it was Elfen Lied or Attack on Titan, the introduction of bloodshed has changed the landscape of anime, where creators began to push boundaries—sometimes to criticize societal issues and sometimes just to captivate viewers with sheer adrenaline.
Cultural Significance of Violence in Anime
Violence in anime serves as more than just entertainment—it’s a reflection of cultural narratives. In many ways, it encapsulates the struggles and fears of the society that produces it. For instance, the frequent explorations of human fragility and moral decay in gory anime resonate with the post-modern angst prevalent in contemporary life.
The graphic nature of these stories often forces viewers to confront uncomfortable truths about humanity. Gory anime engages audiences in conversations about the darker aspects of the human experience, urging considerations of morality, survival, and desperation. The stark imagery—while jarring—provides an avenue for dialogue on violence, both in media and in real life.
"Gory anime is not merely about shocking visuals; it prompts reflections on human nature, ethics, and societal dilemmas, laying bare the harsh realities we often overlook."
Crunchyroll as a Platform
Crunchyroll holds a significant spot in the realm of anime streaming, offering a vast library that showcases everything from the latest shonen hits to niche titles that might’ve slipped under the radar. Its importance in the discussion of gory anime is undeniable, as it serves as a primary portal for fans eager to explore darker narratives. The platform's approach to curation, community engagement, and accessibility is pivotal for enthusiasts looking to delve into the world of gory storytelling.
Overview of Crunchyroll's Offerings
When it comes to gory anime, Crunchyroll doesn't shy away from presenting series that push the envelope. The platform features a diverse range of titles, including popular series like Attack on Titan and Tokyo Ghoul, renowned for their graphic depictions of violence and intense psychological themes. These shows often garner great discussions among users, showcasing their impact on viewers.
In addition to mainstream hits, Crunchyroll offers lesser-known titles that maintain the same level of intensity. Many of these series delve into moral quandaries, psychological horror, and profound ethical dilemmas, enriching the anime landscape with their complex narratives. Longer-running series, as well as seasonal shows, get featured here, making it easy for viewers to discover what they’ve missed or to find something new that fits their tastes.
User Demographics and Viewing Trends
Understanding who is watching gory anime on Crunchyroll can provide deeper insights into the genre's appeal. Generally, the user base spans various age groups, with a notable concentration among teens and young adults. Research points to the popularity of gory themes amongst those aged 18 to 34. This demographic favors intense narratives that challenge their perspectives, while also reflecting their societal anxieties.
- Viewer Preferences: Many prefer action-packed series with intricate plots. They often look for deep narratives that don't shy away from violence or uncomfortable truths.
- Engagement: The forum-like feel of Crunchyroll’s community features invites discussions, fostering a space where viewers share thoughts and debates on episodes, the value of graphic content, and character motivations. Such interactions provide layers of context to the viewing experience that a solo watch might miss out on.
Regional Differences in Content Availability
One thing that makes Crunchyroll stand out is its regional content strategy. Depending on where a viewer is located, the library can significantly differ. For instance, while titles like Elfen Lied may be available in the U.S., they might not be accessible in places like Europe or Southeast Asia due to licensing issues.
This aspect of Crunchyroll introduces an element of cultural diversity in anime consumption.
- Licensing Nuances: Sometimes, particular series are restricted, leaving users scrambling for alternative platforms. This can create a whole subculture of fans sharing tips on how to access certain titles or navigating geo-restrictions.
- Local Preference: Different regions often highlight varying tastes. In some areas, shows that blend traditional horror with psychological twists may receive more attention, reflecting regional cultural contexts.
In summary, Crunchyroll isn’t just a streaming service; it’s a community and a reflection of evolving animation genres around the world.
The dialogue and exploration propelled by the platform help foster an appreciation for gory anime, turning casual viewers into committed fans eager to engage with this complex and nuanced genre.
Notable Gory Anime Series on Crunchyroll
The realm of gory anime on Crunchyroll is not just about the blood and guts; it's a reflection of societal fears, personal struggles, and moral ambiguity. When delving into the specifics of notable gory anime series on this platform, one finds that each title carries its weight, both in terms of artistic merit and narrative depth. The importance of these series ties directly to their ability to transcend the medium's typical boundaries and provoke thought.
Popular Titles and Critical Reception
When discussing popular titles, two major names come to mind: Attack on Titan and Tokyo Ghoul.
Attack on Titan has garnered both praise and critique due to its brutal depiction of survival. The animated series effectively paints a picture of human despair in the face of monstrous antagonists. Critics have lauded its character development and plot twists, but some argue that its graphic violence can sometimes overshadow the underlying themes of hope and rebellion.
On the other hand, Tokyo Ghoul presents its own unique take on horror, understanding identity through the lens of a boy battling inner demons and societal rejection. This series has struck a chord with viewers, earning accolades for its exploration of the duality of existence. The mix of gore with psychological elements invites audiences to wrestle with discomfort, yet many are drawn to its compelling storytelling.
The critical reception across the globe has generally been positive, with fans citing how these series challenge conventional storytelling, engaging them at a deeper level. This isn’t just entertainment; it’s a means to confront hard-hitting realities.
Hidden Gems Worth Watching
While the well-known titles attract considerable attention, some hidden gems in Crunchyroll's library deserve a spotlight. Paranoia Agent, for example, is an interesting psychological thriller that intricately weaves societal issues into its narrative framework. Though not overtly violent in the traditional sense, its psychological tension and surreal violence send chills down the spine.
Another noteworthy mention is Another. This series intertwines a cursed class with a mysterious atmosphere, engaging viewers with its slow-burn horror and sudden bursts of gore. It holds an eerie suspense that ensures the audience remains glued to their screens, waiting for what might happen next.
Furthermore, Higurashi: When They Cry isn't just a title; it’s an experience that challenges viewers’ perceptions of reality and sanity. The graphic depictions are pretty intense, yet they serve as an essential component of the show, intricately tied to its plot and character journeys.
Popular Themes in Gory Anime
Gory anime is not just about blood and guts. There’s a method to this madness, a tapestry of narratives where themes intertwine to convey deeper meanings. Understanding these themes offers insights into the moral fabric and societal reflections embedded within this genre. By exploring popular themes, we can appreciate how gory anime differentiates itself, captivating audiences while inviting critical thought.
Morality and Ethical Dilemmas
Many gory anime series plunge into the murky waters of morality. They explore challenging ethical dilemmas that force characters and viewers to confront their values. For instance, in Death Note, the central conflict revolves around the questions of justice and vigilantism. When Light Yagami wields the power to judge life and death, the narrative compels viewers to ponder: is absolute power an absolute risk?
Gory anime often pushes these issues into the spotlight, blurring the lines between good and evil. Viewers find themselves tangled in moral quandaries, weighing the characters’ actions against societal norms. This exploration serves not just to shock but to prompt introspection about the nature of morality itself. The violence, while troubling, becomes a lens through which complex questions are examined.
Psychological Horror vs. Physical Horror
The landscape of horror in gory anime varies significantly across the spectrum of psychological and physical horror. Psychological horror digs deep into the minds of characters, exploring their fears and insecurities. An example is found in Paranoia Agent, where the storyline revolves around the psyche of its characters, where reality blurs into madness, reflecting on societal anxieties. The horror here is not simply in brutal images, but in the unsettling mental unraveling.
In contrast, physical horror lays its cards on the table, showcasing explicit violence and gore. Series like Elfen Lied exemplify this, where graphic depictions of violence serve to amplify the shock factor. This genre dichotomy enriches the narrative, allowing viewers to experience horror in multifaceted ways. The tension between these two forms not only elevates engagement but also maintains an unsettling atmosphere that lingers long after the credits roll.
Societal Commentary through Violence
Gory anime frequently acts as a mirror reflecting societal issues, often using violence as a narrative tool. This genre can address the desensitization towards violence in modern society or unveil darker human inclinations through exaggerated scenarios. For instance, titles like Attack on Titan not only showcase bloodshed but also critique concepts like freedom, oppression, and the human condition under duress.
The violence is there, yes, but it’s layered with commentary on human nature. By amplifying the brutality, these anime cultivate a fertile ground for dialogue about the implications of violence, both in the storyline and in the real world. Through engaging with the gory elements, audiences might find themselves grappling with the uncomfortable realities of life, forcing a confrontation with deeper societal issues.
In summary, the themes prevalent in gory anime highlight an intricate relationship between narrative and viewer perception, illustrating that these works, at their core, strive for much more than shock value.
Character Construction in Gory Anime
When exploring gory anime, the character construction plays a pivotal role. It shapes the narratives and allows viewers to understand the complex interplay of morality, human emotion, and violence. Characters are not just vehicles for the plot; they embody the themes and messages the creators wish to convey. Character construction in gory anime often infuses depth into intense scenarios, drawing viewers into a turbulent world that challenges their perceptions of right and wrong.
This section will dive into the various dimensions of character construction. We'll examine how the archetypes of anti-heroes and villains, as well as the intricate dynamics of character relationships, contribute to the overall impact of gory storytelling. By analyzing these elements, one can better appreciate the layers that make these narratives compelling.
The Anti-Hero Archetype
The anti-hero is a fascinating element in gory anime, often serving as the bridge between the audience and the unsettling realities portrayed on screen. Unlike the traditional hero who embodies virtue, the anti-hero is flawed, sometimes morally ambiguous, and haunted by their past. This complexity resonates deeply with viewers, as it reflects real-life struggles and imperfections.
A prime example can be seen in Hellsing Ultimate. The protagonist, Alucard, is an immortal vampire who relishes death and destruction. Yet, his backstory reveals profound loneliness and conflict. This inner turmoil, combined with his dangerous persona, creates a rich character that goes beyond mere violence, encouraging deeper contemplation on the nature of monstrosity and humanity.
The anti-hero archetype is more than just an exciting narrative choice; it allows for exploration of darker themes such as redemption, guilt, and the consequences of one's actions. This emotional depth adds layers to the storyline, engaging the audience on both visceral and intellectual levels.
Villains and Their Motivations
Villains in gory anime often embody extremities of human emotion and societal flaws. They are not simply adversaries; they reflect the darker aspects of humanity and often serve as the catalyst for conflict. Understanding their motivations is key to grasping the narrative as a whole.
In series like Death Note, the primary antagonist, Light Yagami, is driven by a warped sense of justice—he wishes to rid the world of crime but resorts to heinous methods. His character invites viewers to ponder contentious questions about morality.
Villains often present a distorted mirror of the anti-heroes or protagonists, leading to intriguing character contrasts and revealing deeper insights into human behavior. Their exceptional qualities often highlight themes of desperation, power, and the cost of ambition, making them indispensable to the narrative.
Character Relationships in a Violent Context
The relationships characters build within gory anime offer audiences a lens through which to view violence. These dynamics can either humanize characters or amplify the horror of their actions. In settings steeped in brutality, friendships, betrayals, and rivalries acquire a unique tint.
Consider Attack on Titan, where connections among characters are tested against the backdrop of a savage world. Friendships often fracture under the weight of survival. The emotional stakes are amplified when friends must fight, kill, or sacrifice one another.
These brutal relationships emphasize the fragility of human connections in life-or-death situations. They also serve to dissect themes of loyalty, vengeance, and the moral dilemmas that arise when individuals are put to the test. Such interactions can evoke empathy, prompting viewers to reflect on their own relationships and ethical viewpoints in the face of extreme circumstances.
"In gory anime, character interactions not only drive the plot but also dissect the very essence of what it means to be human."
Through understanding character construction in gory anime, viewers unlock a richer narrative experience, one where the lines between monstrosity and humanity often blur, revealing unsettling truths about us all.
Visual and Artistic Style
The visual and artistic style of gory anime serves as a crucial component in grasping the essence of the genre. Through unique aesthetics and animation techniques, the artistry communicates themes that words sometimes struggle to convey. In gory anime, visuals are not mere supporting elements; they often become a causative force that shapes the narrative, elevates tension, and establishes an immersive atmosphere.
Atmospheric Draw
An unsettling atmosphere is a defining characteristic of this genre. Artists utilize color schemes reminiscent of despair—muted tones combined with stark contrasts can evoke a sense of unease. For instance, the palette in Elfen Lied oscillates between vibrant expressiveness and grim darkness, creating emotional tensions that resonate with viewers. This can amplify the impact of violence, transforming a scene of chaos into something deeply haunting rather than merely shocking.
Symbolism in Gory Aesthetics
In gory anime, symbolism often lurks beneath spectacular blood-splattered visuals. This layer adds richness to the story, allowing viewers to peel back the surface and discover deeper meaning. Blood, for example, is more than just a sign of violence; it often symbolizes loss, regret, or even rebirth.
Take Attack on Titan, where blood signifies not only death but also the struggle for freedom and survival against overwhelming odds. The pervasive presence of blood serves to reinforce the stakes and heighten the emotional engagement of the audience. Furthermore, symbolism may extend to character design. Characters uniquely dressed might reflect their moral compasses or psychological states. The extreme expressions seen during moments of horror become telling indicators of the characters’ internal turmoil.
“Every drop of blood tells a story; every character's scars are chapters of their personal narrative.”
Animation Techniques Used in the Genre
Animation techniques in gory anime play a significant role in emphasizing the horror elements. Techniques like fluid motion and rapid cuts can evoke a sense of panic, mimicking the chaos of a life-or-death situation. For example, the quick succession of frames in Tokyo Ghoul amplifies the horror during battle scenes, enhancing the viewer's adrenaline.
Another noteworthy method is the use of exaggerated expressions. Whether it’s the eyes widening in fear or a grotesque smile that seems out of place, these artistic choices serve to heighten viewer reaction. Additionally, slow-motion effects are commonly deployed to punctuate moments of graphic violence, allowing audiences to absorb the horror in both its beauty and grotesqueness.
By integrating these visual techniques thoughtfully, gory anime not only captivates but also makes significant commentary on its narratives, leaving lasting impressions on audiences.
Audience Reactions and Critiques
Understanding how viewers react to gory anime is crucial. Whether it's fascination or repulsion, audience reactions reveal a lot about cultural norms, personal thresholds for violence, and the overall impact of these series on our psyche. As fans immerse themselves in these intense narratives, it's simple to see why critiques and discussions surrounding them are abundant.
Desensitization and Societal Impact
Anime has a peculiar talent for pushing boundaries, and gory anime, in particular, is known for its visceral approach to storytelling. This often leads to a phenomenon known as desensitization, where frequent exposure to violence can dull emotional responses over time.
- Statistics show that younger audiences, who have grown up surrounded by violent media, often showcase a higher tolerance for graphic content. This can spur debates among parents, educators, and mental health professionals regarding what's acceptable within entertainment.
- On the flip side, some argue that consuming violent media, like gory anime, serves as a safe outlet for exploring darker themes, allowing viewers to grapple with complex emotions without real-world consequences. It raises the question: does this media merely reflect societal violence, or does it contribute to it?
The impact of these portrayals can be significant. For instance, series like "Attack on Titan" not only show carnage visually, but also develop narratives that discuss human morality and survival. The gore becomes meaningful rather than sensational, creating a discourse around the real-life implications of violence.
"In fiction, we often find a mirror reflecting our darker inclinations. Gory anime challenges the audience to confront these aspects."
Exploration of Viewer Discomfort
Viewer discomfort can be a double-edged sword. While some people appreciate the challenge of confronting disturbing content, others may find themselves feeling lost or overwhelmed. This discomfort can stem from different sources:
- Cultural Context: What might be acceptable in one culture could be taboo in another. For viewers who come from backgrounds where violence is heavily censored or frowned upon, gory anime can provoke feelings of unease.
- Personal Experiences: Individuals who have faced trauma or violence may experience a more visceral discomfort watching these series. This aspect highlights that reactions are deeply personal, based on one's life experiences.
- Psychological Engagement: Gory anime often asks viewers to ponder the motivations behind violence. Are characters justified? Is revenge a valid response? Such questions can amplify viewer discomfort while also enriching the narrative experience.
It's essential to approach this discomfort critically. For some, gory anime can act as a catalyst for discussing heavy subjects like trauma, loss, and morality in a safe environment. For others, it may reinforce fears or anxieties surrounding violence.
In summary, the discussion around audience reactions and critiques emphasizes the intensity of viewer experiences. It's a realm where aversion and curiosity coexist, shaping how gory anime continues to evolve and resonate with an ever-changing audience.
Future of Gory Anime
As we trudge deeper into the 21st century, the landscape of gory anime continues to evolve and expand. This genre, known for its visceral storytelling and boundary-pushing themes, holds a mirror to society's darkest corners, and it seems more relevant than ever. This section delves into the upcoming trends and potential influences in the realm of gory anime, exploring how these narratives may shift in response to audience demands and cultural changes.
Emerging Trends in the Genre
One cannot ignore the rising appetite for immersive storytelling that gory anime offers. Productions are becoming increasingly sophisticated, utilizing advanced animation techniques and narrative styles. For instance, cyberpunk and post-apocalyptic settings are not just mere backdrops anymore; they are integral to the psychological depth of the characters and the plot.
Animation studios are now experimenting with interactive experiences. Think of narrative choices that let audiences decide the fate of characters, blending video game mechanics with traditional anime storytelling. It's a unique, engaging method that could pull viewers deeper into the twisted tales of horror and gore these narratives are known for.
On top of that, new themes are creeping into the genre. Issues like mental health, identity, and societal decay are becoming commonplace, offering more layers to the blood-soaked visuals. In this context, audiences are often encouraged to reflect on their moral compass, examining what it truly means to be human when faced with brutality.
"The beauty of gore lies not just in its shock factor, but in its ability to provoke thought and discussion about our darker tendencies."
Potential for Cross-Cultural Influence
The gory anime genre has a unique power to transcend cultural divides. With the interconnectedness of today's world, stories filled with blood and guts can resonate across geographical borders. As these narratives become more accessible through platforms like Crunchyroll, they attract a diverse audience eager to explore themes that reflect not just their own experiences, but also those of others.
In particular, the incorporation of folklore and myth from various cultures into gory anime holds immense potential. As creators nod to Japanese horror legends while incorporating elements from Western, African, or Eastern European folklore, it opens avenues for rich storytelling. The blending of these cultural influences can provide a fresh take on familiar concepts, inviting audiences into a global conversation about violence, ethics, and personal demons.
Even language is no barrier now, as subtitles and dubbing enable viewers from different backgrounds to appreciate the nuances of gory anime. The potential for collaborations between studios worldwide is a particularly exciting prospect. Imagine a co-production where Japanese animators partner with Western artists to craft a story that intertwines their cultural influences, aimed at sparking insightful dialogue through gruesome tales.
The End
The exploration of gory anime on Crunchyroll reveals not only the intense narratives but also the deeper threads that connect them to our culture and individual psyches. As we reflect on the various elements discussed throughout this article, it becomes evident that the genre serves as a mirror, reflecting society's complexities and moral labyrinths. Reference to films and series like Elfen Lied or Berserk shows how violence can spark conversations about ethics, trauma, and societal issues.
Understanding these narratives is crucial, as they often go beyond mere shock value. Instead, they challenge viewers to confront their own beliefs about violence, morality, and human nature. The rich tapestry of gory anime encourages a blend of literary analysis with emotional introspection, igniting discussions that resonate long after the credits roll.
Summarizing Key Insights
As we tie together the major insights from this exploration, here are several key takeaways:
- Diversity of Themes: Gory anime encompasses a wide array of themes, from moral conflicts to psychological terrors, showcasing that bloodshed in animation can carry significant meaning.
- Character Depth: Whether it’s the anti-heroes or the multifaceted villains, character development adds layers to these tales, offering viewers a chance to explore the darker sides of humanity.
- Cultural Commentary: Gory anime often serves as a commentary on societal issues, examining how violence can be intertwined with aspects of culture, identity, and power.
With series that challenge our perceptions, Tokyo Ghoul and Akame ga Kill! stand out as poignant examples where character struggles dissect deeper societal dilemmas.
Encouraging Open Discussions on the Genre
Promoting open discussions about gory anime is essential for fostering understanding and appreciation of this niche. Given its controversial nature, it can sometimes evoke strong reactions. By engaging in dialogue around the themes and artistic choices that characterize gory anime, enthusiasts can dissect personal reactions and broader societal implications.
Such discussions can benefit from these approaches:
- Join Forums and Social Networks: Communities on platforms like Reddit or Facebook can provide vast insight, allowing fans to share experiences and interpretations.
- Host Watch Parties: Viewing episodes together can facilitate immediate discussion, promoting a collective analysis of the themes and visual storytelling.
- Utilize Educational Resources: References from Wikipedia and Britannica can enhance understanding, framing discussions with additional context and historical backgrounds.
Engaging in these conversations not only broadens personal perspectives but also enriches the community, allowing for a deeper comprehension of gory anime as a significant facet of modern storytelling.
